154 00:16:09.300 --> 00:16:23.089 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Works? Okay. Brilliant. Yes. Hello, everyone. So thanks for the introduction. Steven. My name is Christoph Karl. I'm a low temperature physicist by training, and I am the sales engineer for Montana instruments in Europe. 155 00:16:24.305 --> 00:16:25.070 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: I. 156 00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:32.300 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: It's my colleague, Joseph. Law from the libelt cryogenic division in Dresden, and I would try to 157 00:16:32.310 --> 00:16:41.939 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: hope we hope to light your your your passion about science and cryogenics with that, with that little talk 158 00:16:42.389 --> 00:16:55.229 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: to to give you an idea where cryogenics comes from. How it looked like years ago. And what transformation it made by certain discoveries. So just to give you 159 00:16:55.740 --> 00:16:58.350 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: a bit of an overview. 160 00:16:58.520 --> 00:17:16.040 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: I'm going to introduce ourselves and give you a little bit of background on the thermodynamics behind cryogenics. Afterwards I will touch base on what devices are needed to reach certain temperature ranges, and how to go even lower in temperature. 161 00:17:16.410 --> 00:17:27.729 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And also we will. I will introduce how the invention of the cryo coolers in the sixties made a huge technology jump within cryogenics. 162 00:17:28.047 --> 00:17:34.510 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: From wet to dry technology. And this is where my colleague Joseph, is going to expand on cryo coolers in general. 163 00:17:34.700 --> 00:17:36.019 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and how they work! 164 00:17:36.461 --> 00:17:46.590 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: What advantages they bring with it, and what disadvantages we need to take into account when building these easy to use crest. It's as they are in the 165 00:17:47.205 --> 00:17:50.740 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: laps of of you guys. Today. 166 00:17:51.400 --> 00:18:04.970 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Also, I will touch base a little bit on the outlook on where we see cryogenics moving with a big push. Quantum technologies gave to cryogenics over the last couple of years, so we will try to 167 00:18:05.602 --> 00:18:10.579 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: to look into our crystal ball and see where cryogenics moves in the next couple of years. 168 00:18:11.080 --> 00:18:22.180 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So, starting with that. As I said, my name is Crystal Carl. My colleague, Joseph Law, is from the libel division. I'm from Montana instruments, and we are both parts of the Atlas Copco group. 169 00:18:22.230 --> 00:18:29.050 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Atlas Kopko is a large Swedish group with several entities 170 00:18:29.290 --> 00:18:42.407 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: within the group. They are pretty known for their compressors. And vacuum pumps and Montana instruments. Here is a little satellite covering cryogenics and 171 00:18:42.910 --> 00:18:47.150 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: the their their application within research. 172 00:18:49.870 --> 00:19:15.779 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So starting with that, I'm trying to explain what heat transfer actually is. So if you wanna feel, or if you want to know how, if an object is hot or not. You basically have a couple of ways to do that. The 1st one is to touch it. Then there's 1 to feel it, and there is also a way on. If you can't see that it still gets warm. 173 00:19:15.850 --> 00:19:21.110 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and these 3 effects are called conduction through solid material. 174 00:19:21.210 --> 00:19:26.730 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: This is called convection through gas, which transports the heat from the warm to the cold 175 00:19:27.030 --> 00:19:33.989 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and radiation which is basically radiation emitted from a hot object onto a cold surface. 176 00:19:34.906 --> 00:19:44.519 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: To keep an object cold. It doesn't. It's not enough to just throw it in a bucket of of cold gas. You just need to isolate 177 00:19:44.610 --> 00:19:47.359 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: this thing from the outside world 178 00:19:47.460 --> 00:19:49.430 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and try to avoid 179 00:19:49.440 --> 00:19:53.819 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: the 3 mentioned effects as much as possible. 180 00:19:53.840 --> 00:20:01.520 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And, as we can see, here is a liquid, a liquid cryogen 181 00:20:01.840 --> 00:20:02.880 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: doer. 182 00:20:02.920 --> 00:20:10.359 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and you, if you look a little closer, so the cryogenic liquid is kept inside a bucket which is isolated by 183 00:20:10.926 --> 00:20:12.709 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: a vacuum. Of course 184 00:20:12.880 --> 00:20:24.960 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: it just has a very narrow neck to allow just a bit of conduction through this little neck, and it's covered by multiple layers of insulation just to block the radiation. 185 00:20:25.610 --> 00:20:28.849 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: trying to hit to this, to this reservoir inside. 186 00:20:30.014 --> 00:20:34.489 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: To give you a bit of an overview on convection the convection side. 187 00:20:34.500 --> 00:21:01.330 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: I listed a couple of numbers here. So if we talk about ambient pressure, there are 1010 to the power of 19 molecules within just one square centimeter. Of air. The main. The the mean free path means the average distance of a molecule to travel before touching or changing course. So this is very narrow in the nanometer section. 188 00:21:01.500 --> 00:21:12.020 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and on the opposite. If we look into a very extremely high vacuum, this could be kilometers to the power of 5 in distance, free travel paths for that molecule. 189 00:21:12.170 --> 00:21:26.120 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So of course, we we can't. So reaching extremely high vacuum requires a lot of knowledge and a lot of techniques. So we usually encourage talk about high vacuum or ultra high vacuum. That's the range we are operating in. 190 00:21:26.820 --> 00:21:28.180 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: The second effect 191 00:21:28.680 --> 00:21:31.289 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: would be conduction cooling. 192 00:21:31.330 --> 00:21:52.109 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So this is a a solid objective which is hot on the one side and cold on the other side. And you can basically calculate the heat flow or the energy which goes from the hot to the cold objective. And you see, it's it's all about. If we look into that that form here. It's all about the length of that object. 193 00:21:52.220 --> 00:21:58.990 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: It's about the temperatures on the one side, the temperature on the other side, and of course, the thermal conductivity 194 00:21:59.020 --> 00:22:07.689 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: of that material which depends on the material itself and of the temperature range where it's operated in. 195 00:22:08.100 --> 00:22:11.440 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So if you want to isolate an object. 196 00:22:11.500 --> 00:22:17.089 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: You. As I said, you need to mount it on a very thin holder. 197 00:22:17.120 --> 00:22:19.307 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: It has to be made out of 198 00:22:19.830 --> 00:22:24.060 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: low conductive material to be isolated very well from the outside. 199 00:22:24.080 --> 00:22:31.400 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and of course you want to make it as long as possible, so the distance for the heat to travel is, is as much as possible. 200 00:22:34.200 --> 00:22:38.697 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: The 3rd effect would be radiation and radiation. 201 00:22:39.440 --> 00:22:46.029 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: so radiation is the temperature, for radiation is in the power of 4, which means 202 00:22:46.516 --> 00:22:47.980 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: if you have an 203 00:22:48.010 --> 00:22:55.289 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and hot object and a cold object, the temperature the heat transferred is within the power of foreign temperature. 204 00:22:55.460 --> 00:23:04.339 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: This means you would have to. We would have to have several layers of insulation in between these 2 objects. You want to keep to. You want to keep cold. 205 00:23:04.360 --> 00:23:19.480 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and this is usually done. It's in a practical way in Dewar's by having multiple reflective layers around that reservoir in a dua which prevents radiation from coming from from heating up the boss inside. 206 00:23:24.260 --> 00:23:24.990 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: right? 207 00:23:25.370 --> 00:23:26.969 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So the next thing is 208 00:23:27.630 --> 00:23:37.380 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: How low can I actually go with cryogenics and with cryogenics, liquid cryogenic liquids, and the lowest the lowest temperature which can be achieved 209 00:23:37.916 --> 00:24:01.719 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: is actually with an helium isotope. It's called helium 3, which is very rare. And very costly, too. So in the 19 fifties and sixties, usually helium 4 was used, and up till now helium 4 is used in cryogenic cryogenic devices in cryostats. 210 00:24:03.290 --> 00:24:07.255 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: This is the costs of these helium forecast is also rising up. So 211 00:24:07.640 --> 00:24:16.390 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: people usually recycle helium by collecting the evaporated gas in tanks and relique it on site. 212 00:24:17.290 --> 00:24:23.080 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So how is Helium? How is Helium liquefied? Actually, so this is done with a compressor 213 00:24:23.170 --> 00:24:31.929 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and some pre cooling mechanisms, some heat exchangers, and then pushed through a valve a basic sterling process which 214 00:24:33.076 --> 00:24:35.303 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: allows the guests to 215 00:24:36.290 --> 00:24:40.839 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: get from the gaseous phase into the liquid phase, and then stored in an isolated 216 00:24:41.192 --> 00:24:43.909 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: reservoir. As I said before, that's called a dior. 217 00:24:44.410 --> 00:24:45.826 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and you see that 218 00:24:46.680 --> 00:24:53.649 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: If we if we're talking about Helium 4, we usually are, we usually sit at temperatures around 4.2 Kelvin. 219 00:24:54.030 --> 00:24:56.588 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So if we if we 220 00:24:57.110 --> 00:25:03.070 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: want to go even lower. Or if you want to use these these liquids in an actual experiment. 221 00:25:03.130 --> 00:25:09.319 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: this helium, this liquid helium, has to be transferred through a transfer line into a cryostat 222 00:25:09.760 --> 00:25:28.890 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and this cryost that once it's pre cooled and has some liquid in there, so bath crust that would usually sit around 4 kelvin, which I can use then for my experiment. If I want to go lower in temperature, there's always the option to pump, so to pump on this liquid, basically to lower the the vapor pressure on that liquid. 223 00:25:28.910 --> 00:25:34.120 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: You can compare that to a to a pot of boiling water. 224 00:25:34.490 --> 00:25:41.170 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So if you if you blow on this pot of of boiling water, you basically take away all of the 225 00:25:41.909 --> 00:25:45.269 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: fast molecules above that liquid. 226 00:25:45.290 --> 00:25:54.120 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And by trans. By the transition of these molecules into the gaseous phase, they take the energy of that 227 00:25:54.741 --> 00:26:24.139 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: they take the energy with the heat energy with them, so if you boil a pot of water on sea level, it would usually boil at a hundred degrees Celsius. If you boil pot of water on the top of the Mount Everest. It would just require you to heat up to 70, Kelvin, because there's less resistance for these molecules to jump into the gaseous phase, and therefore it's easier for these molecules to take to get in a separate phase. 228 00:26:24.260 --> 00:26:41.000 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: which means, if you lower the the vapor pressure of a liquid, you can usually achieve a cool down of that liquid to to even less temperatures. With Helium 4. It's possible to achieve one Kelvin by sucking on a little one Kelvin Pot. 229 00:26:41.120 --> 00:26:47.820 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: If you use helium 3 instead, it would be possible to achieve temperatures even down to the 230 00:26:47.930 --> 00:26:51.410 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: 200 to 300 milli kelvin range. 231 00:26:52.620 --> 00:27:09.029 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: If you want to go even lower than these 250 milli kelvin, a dilution refrigerator is required. So this dilution refrigerator works with a physical principle that only a certain amount of Helium 3 can be diluted in Helium 4, 232 00:27:09.200 --> 00:27:18.100 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and by circulated by circulating helium 3. Within this gaseous phase it's possible to achieve temperatures into the 10th 233 00:27:18.280 --> 00:27:21.710 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: tens of one digit millilvin range. 234 00:27:22.140 --> 00:27:33.459 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: There are other possibilities. Also, by using magnetic cooling. This is called an Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, which uses a salt pill. 235 00:27:34.050 --> 00:27:47.039 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: The working principle is that the electron spins within that soil are in this order and by applying an external magnetic field, you will basically force these electron spins to align to the magnetic field 236 00:27:47.760 --> 00:28:02.900 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: if you cool that to to ambient temperature and release the magnetic field. These electron spins tend to disorientate themselves, which is an and which which is a process that takes energy away. 237 00:28:02.980 --> 00:28:14.920 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So by getting to by by getting into disorder the objective cools so that salt peel actually cools, and you run that similar to a liquid cycle, too. 238 00:28:15.030 --> 00:28:30.130 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So as soon as this disorder and the sample is cold and it warms up again, you basically apply an external magnetic field to align these these. So these spins again. So this is basically a non continuous process. 239 00:28:31.550 --> 00:28:53.959 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And if you want to go even lower than these 10 Milli, Kevins, if you can't get enough of that wonderful stuff, then the next thing would be to have a nuclear demagnetization refrigerator. This is a very fancy piece of equipment, so usually pretty long that requires a dilution refrigerator as a basis, and then a usually a copper. 240 00:28:54.120 --> 00:28:56.980 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: a copper cold thing, or a copper piece. 241 00:28:56.990 --> 00:29:06.599 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: where the same principle as an on an adr is applied. So you apply an external magnetic field. But in this time you would align the nuclear spins of that object. 242 00:29:06.780 --> 00:29:12.779 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and same process happens. You you you switch off the magnetic field 243 00:29:12.820 --> 00:29:20.829 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and the nuclear spins within. That couple would disorient and disorientate themselves to allow an end 244 00:29:20.880 --> 00:29:27.110 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: endothermic process, basically taking the the heat away out of the the sample. You want to cool down there. 245 00:29:27.590 --> 00:29:36.410 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So really fancy stuff. But usually only a few people want to go even down to in the in the Microkern range 246 00:29:37.399 --> 00:29:42.430 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: exciting science happens there. But you, it's quite it's quite 247 00:29:42.910 --> 00:29:45.010 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: It requires a lot of effort to do 248 00:29:47.250 --> 00:30:00.180 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So all of everything happened with cryogenic liquids till then, till the 19 sixties, when a technology jump happened by the discovery of cryo coolers achieving temperatures at middle of 4, Kelvin 249 00:30:00.220 --> 00:30:08.200 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and below, and my colleague, Joseph from the live update division, kindly offered to expand a little bit on 250 00:30:09.070 --> 00:30:09.830 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: cryocudus 251 00:30:10.690 --> 00:30:13.919 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: and their working principle. So I guess. 252 00:30:14.290 --> 00:30:17.730 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Joseph, you can take over the presentation, or just wonderful. 253 00:30:17.730 --> 00:30:18.360 Joseph Law: Thanks. 254 00:30:18.360 --> 00:30:19.190 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Sharing. 255 00:30:25.110 --> 00:30:26.110 Joseph Law: Radio. 256 00:30:26.240 --> 00:30:29.499 Joseph Law: So you can all see the start of the presentation right. 257 00:30:29.730 --> 00:30:31.070 MIT: Yes, very good. 258 00:30:31.070 --> 00:30:50.789 Joseph Law: Good. Good. Right? So, as my my colleague mentioned, yeah, so Helium's getting rarer and rarer, and it's getting more and more expensive, and the world is going towards dry, or at least partly towards dry systems. And this is what I'm going to introduce now is, what do we mean by a cryo cooler. What do we mean by dry cryogenics? 259 00:30:51.736 --> 00:31:01.729 Joseph Law: So so I'm Joseph Floor. Yeah, I work at libel. Dresden, yeah, in Germany. And I'm the research and development program manager out here. So let's start off. 260 00:31:02.700 --> 00:31:32.199 Joseph Law: There we go. Right? So an overview of the talk that I'm going to be giving now, yeah, hopefully, within about 15 min is 1st off, what we're looking, what? What is cryogenics? So it's used for the study of materials at extremely low temperatures. We tend to say that when material is not the only thing for many things, but we tend to say it's below 150°C. Alright, it's very key to physics, a lot of types of physics, industries and space simulation. What's the importance of the importance of cryogenics? Yeah, it's used in things such as superconductivity, fundamental science. 261 00:31:32.200 --> 00:31:38.759 Joseph Law: Yeah, material testing, quantum computing, cryo preservation and satellite sensors. Yeah. 262 00:31:40.570 --> 00:31:56.918 Joseph Law: right? So the instructions are cryo coolers. Right? So they don't use helium. Per say they use a closed cycle of Helium. So there's no loss of Helium, you know the devices for actively calling for cryogenic temperatures. So actually, it's not a passive thing. It's a continuous thing. It does it the whole time. Yeah. And 263 00:31:57.600 --> 00:32:18.064 Joseph Law: they can. They can sometimes be more effective than liquid cryogens. They can definitely be cheaper and more continuous. Yeah, the key roles of of cryocoolers are, for in scientific information medical devices will come onto this space technology. I'll give some examples there as well. And this continuous cooling, yeah, or continuously controlled cooling is is one of the key selling points, the key 264 00:32:18.720 --> 00:32:40.519 Joseph Law: positives of this technology. Right? So 1st off, let's have a little look. Yeah, at what kind of temperature ranges we're talking about. So I've given a few examples here. We've got some highest temperatures, the highest temperatures on Earth. We go down to the lowest temperature on Earth. Yeah. And if we do use, we use degrees. Celsius, use Fahrenheit because because I have an American audience, we've got minus 128 Fahrenheit. Yeah. So for me, this is 265 00:32:41.010 --> 00:32:52.350 Joseph Law: 184 Kelvin, and sticking to Kelvin is generally what we do. But we have these 4 different scales. There's even. An imperial form of Kelvin using absolute 0. That's Rankin. 266 00:32:52.917 --> 00:33:05.269 Joseph Law: But we can get rid of all of these ones up here because we only care about minus or less than a minus 150 degrees. C, yeah. And we've got the boiling point of oxygen. As my colleague mentioned the boiling point of nitrogen, the boiling point of hydrogen. 267 00:33:05.710 --> 00:33:14.900 Joseph Law: big expanding industry at the moment. The boiling point of helium and or helium 4. Ambient pressure, and we have absolute 0. 268 00:33:15.810 --> 00:33:24.909 Joseph Law: If we continue to go forward, we're gonna look at things. What is the definition of a cryo cooler. Yeah, okay, that's a bit bit difficult. Yeah, let's say. 269 00:33:25.607 --> 00:33:38.839 Joseph Law: they are devices that achieve and maintain cryogenic temperatures by removing heat from a system. And here's something that's rather important. They only require electricity, and a heat sink. So heat sink can be water or air. 270 00:33:38.960 --> 00:33:41.630 Joseph Law: Yeah, they they need to dissipate energy somewhere. 271 00:33:43.040 --> 00:33:55.510 Joseph Law: so let's look at some cryo coolers. Yeah. So here are 2 cryo coolers that we have. These are 2 of our our main ones. Yeah, we've got 2 different styles here. Yeah. 1st off on the right hand side, we have a single stage cryo, cooler 272 00:33:56.436 --> 00:34:12.910 Joseph Law: advantages and disadvantages. But it's just one single temperature stage other than room temperature, you know. And I'll show you kind of what its performance is like later. And we'll look at its advantages. Both of them have the same feature. They have a vacuum flange, as my colleague said. 273 00:34:12.909 --> 00:34:34.599 Joseph Law: Cryogenic devices tend to always be always be insulated in an insulation vacuum. That means we have to some some kind of vacuum flange. In this case it's ice. Okay. There can be many other ones. If we look, however, to the left hand side we have 2 different temperatures, 2 different temperature stages. We have something that we refer to as the 1st stage. We have something that we refer to as the second stage. The second stage 274 00:34:34.870 --> 00:34:39.949 Joseph Law: without a heat load is colder than the 1st stage in in most conditions. 275 00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:58.719 Joseph Law: So let's have a little look at their performance in these 2 we'll start with the easier one. So the cool power. 250 Mdi. This is a single stage. GM, GM, we'll come on to that. What a GM. Cryo cooler is in a in a while. And you see that for a temperature on the end stage. You have a varying, cooling power. 276 00:34:59.438 --> 00:35:14.340 Joseph Law: So you go higher in temperature, you actually have more cooling power. And you do have a 0 point, a 0 cooling power point. That's essentially the base temperature of this cryo, cooler. Yeah. So here you can see, we sit at about 27 degrees. Yeah, with the official data 277 00:35:14.620 --> 00:35:26.599 Joseph Law: on the left hand side we have something that's much more complicated. We have a 2 stage cryo cooler. So here we have 2 different temperatures coming into play. We have t 1. That's the 1st stage, and T 2. That's the second stage, and 278 00:35:26.810 --> 00:35:47.019 Joseph Law: they play with each other. Yeah. So if you. Let's look at this interesting situation here. This cryo cooler reaches just above 10 kelvin and normal conditions. However, if you increase the heat load on the on the 1st stage you have an increased performance on the second stage. They're coupled with each other. This is a general characteristic. 279 00:35:47.250 --> 00:35:50.850 Joseph Law: All types of 2 stage or multi-stage cryo coolers. 280 00:35:53.021 --> 00:36:07.419 Joseph Law: Yeah. So you can see here, for example, you have a hundred 30 watts of cooling power at something like 75 Kelvin on the 1st stations. This, that's a lot of power. Yeah. For for these low temperatures. 281 00:36:07.590 --> 00:36:14.549 Joseph Law: And then on the on the low temperature staged, you have 20 watts of cooling power just above 25 kelvin, which is 282 00:36:15.080 --> 00:36:17.360 Joseph Law: for this product? Of 283 00:36:17.460 --> 00:36:27.450 Joseph Law: it's rather high. Yeah, so that they do go higher. Yeah, please ignore the fact that the the curves will start from about 10. Kelvin, I'm going to stick to about the stick to the 284 00:36:27.600 --> 00:36:36.669 Joseph Law: the science is the same. I'm going to stick to the science of the 10 Kelvin cryo coolers rather than what one calls to the 4.2 kelvin cryo coolers or the lambda line cryo coolers. 285 00:36:37.592 --> 00:36:48.308 Joseph Law: But the cryo cooler isn't everything. Yeah, it's actually a system. There are some other components as well. So on the right hand side. Here we have our cryo cooler. Now we have various different models, of course. 286 00:36:48.610 --> 00:37:01.249 Joseph Law: On the left hand side we have a compressor, so the cryo cooler operates with helium gas. I'll explain how that works. In just a moment. It works with helium gas. We need something to give us this high pressure helium gas, and for that we use a compressor, a helium compressor. 287 00:37:01.791 --> 00:37:21.739 Joseph Law: the compressor, and the cold head. They're connected by something called flex lines. Don't let the name deceive you. Yeah, quite often. They're not flexible or not flexible enough. And this is a closed cycle. So this helium gas remains in the system for them into the main, essentially to the maintenance interval of the product. It's about 20,000 h 288 00:37:22.157 --> 00:37:27.669 Joseph Law: and it's ultra high purity helium. So we start off with what's called 5 n. 289 00:37:28.550 --> 00:37:38.160 Joseph Law: And in reality the system's much better than that. Yeah. So it goes down to 6 N. Or 7 N. After a while, you know. But after the the gas condenses and in and a few things like this. 290 00:37:39.660 --> 00:37:42.799 Joseph Law: So now we're going to look at the types of cryo coolers. Right? So 291 00:37:44.020 --> 00:38:09.019 Joseph Law: 1st off, here is a sterling type cryo cooler. Yeah. So I don't have a picture of a sterling type. Cryo cooler, because that wasn't agreed upon from our marketing department. So I drew one this afternoon nice and quickly. The sterling type cryo cooler is relatively low cooling power. Yeah, it requires a very, very small compressor that's actually built into it most of the time, and it only operates at higher temperatures. So 2030, 40, Kelvin. 292 00:38:09.020 --> 00:38:17.640 Joseph Law: however, yeah, it has its place in the market and has a big place in the market for cooling infrared detectors and for cooling electronics and the such. 293 00:38:18.500 --> 00:38:42.490 Joseph Law: The next type of cryo cooler we have is called a Gifford main cryo cooler. So it's kind of the original type of cryo cooler. Yeah. So it's similar to a sterling cooler. Yeah, however, the gas is displaced a bit differently. It's displaced from something called a displacer. I'll go into this into a lot more detail. Because this is this is actually how it works. This is the heart of the machine. Yeah. And it requires an external compressor such as I just showed you. So these compressors, they're single phase or 3 phase. 294 00:38:42.869 --> 00:38:50.460 Joseph Law: so 16 amps, 32 amps, 64 amps. Even. Yeah, they're big energy consuming devices. Yeah, right? These are 295 00:38:50.730 --> 00:39:00.269 Joseph Law: often found in laboratory settings and industrial applications, you know. And there's 1 more type of cryo cooler. I'm going to bring up. There are a few other different types. There's 1 more I'm going to bring up now again 296 00:39:00.930 --> 00:39:05.369 Joseph Law: a drawing for myself this afternoon. This is a pulse tube cryo cooler. Now. 297 00:39:05.680 --> 00:39:32.140 Joseph Law: this works in exactly the same way, but with a different technology. Well, it works with a different techno. Yeah, it will go into the I'll go into detail in a few slides time about how this works. So it actually uses a per a pressure wave rather than any kind of mechanical component to achieve the same, not the same. To achieve a worst performance, kilowatt to watt than a than the the middle GM type cryo cooler. 298 00:39:32.140 --> 00:39:37.099 Joseph Law: The telltale sign is you have an up and a down curve. It's it's U shaped, whereas this is a linear shaped. 299 00:39:37.100 --> 00:40:01.670 Joseph Law: Yeah, there's no moving part in the cold zone. Yeah, this is a massive advantage for certain applications that my colleague will go on to a little bit afterwards. Yeah, this is generally considered low vibration. And it's really good for for more high end applications, real high end applications like space instrumentation. I'll give you an example. And for for sensitive detectors. Yeah, so like squids. Yeah, and the such. 300 00:40:02.570 --> 00:40:18.319 Joseph Law: let's really look at the advantages and disadvantages before we go into the engineering behind them. So the sterling cooler vibrations. It's poor base temperature. It's poor cooling power. It's poor reliability. It is amazing. Yeah. So hundreds of thousands of hours. Yeah, if 301 00:40:18.330 --> 00:40:46.240 Joseph Law: right, but they're very expensive for what they actually are. Yeah, for a Gifford main type cryo cooler. You have a good level of vibrations. I'll come on to that slightly, a little bit more. What that means. However, let's point this out because we do sell products in the end. Yeah, they have an excellent performance. Yeah, in the Montana instrument systems. So they're the introduction. I don't interrupt the integration of Gifford Mcgain Gifford. Main type cryo coolers in the Montana products is 302 00:40:46.830 --> 00:41:06.630 Joseph Law: very, very well done. Yeah, the base temperature is amazing. It's exactly the kind of base temperature you require. The cooling power is very high, is the highest of all of them. Yeah, they're got good reliability. They do still have moving parts. So it's not very good, and they are affordable. Yeah. And the last one is the pulse tube. Their vibrations. They're tremendous! They 303 00:41:06.650 --> 00:41:18.669 Joseph Law: cryo cooler map, cryo! If you just refer to the cryo coolers, they're the best one to choose for vibrations. Their base temperature is also very good. Their cooling power is okay. Yeah, it's good. It reaches the same kind of temperatures, but 304 00:41:18.690 --> 00:41:29.479 Joseph Law: it's not as high performing as a GM. A. Gifford Mccain type car cooler. Their reliability is excellent because they have no moving components components in the low temperature, but they're more expensive. 305 00:41:31.030 --> 00:41:40.279 Joseph Law: And this results in the GM. The Gifford main cryo cooler being the workhorse of the majority of low temperature applications. 306 00:41:40.360 --> 00:41:47.639 Joseph Law: So now we're gonna look at how it works. Because that's why we're here, right to explain explain the engineering behind our behind our products. You know. 307 00:41:47.640 --> 00:42:09.850 Joseph Law: we have different things. We have a cable coming to a motor. There's a motor built into a GM type cryo call. I'm gonna call it GM, from now a GM type cryo, cool. This is inside the helium circuit. Yeah, you have a helium inlet and a helium outlet which are connected to your your helium compressor. You have a valve mechanism inside that controls the flow of helium inside and outside of different components. 308 00:42:09.850 --> 00:42:17.950 Joseph Law: Course, you have the vacuum flange. You have a working volume down here. This is what I'm going to show you, with all of the thermodynamics that we're going to go through in a moment. 309 00:42:17.980 --> 00:42:27.980 Joseph Law: And you've got something called a Displacer. Displacer, is this thing that moves up and down in the cold area. Now, this is the thing that needs to be exchanged after 20,000 h. 310 00:42:28.410 --> 00:42:56.670 Joseph Law: Yeah, you've got low temperature. You got low temperatures generated from a thermal expansion. You have 22 bars on one side and 5 bars on the other side. It's a little. It's more complicated than that, though. Yeah, it's not a dual Thompson system in that regards. The compressed helium comes from a compressor unit. Yeah, the gas is distributed by the motor and the valve mechanism. There's 2 different ways of moving the display. So there's a pneumatic way, which is relatively cheap, but vibrates really badly. And there's a mechanical way with a built in motor. 311 00:42:56.730 --> 00:43:08.130 Joseph Law: despite having a mechanical in its name, is actually much lower vibration. Yeah, right? And that's what it says. Here the mechanical driven, cold heads have a lower vibration, but they're more expensive, you know. They're also more expensive to manufacture, of course. 312 00:43:08.370 --> 00:43:09.360 Joseph Law: So 313 00:43:09.520 --> 00:43:11.159 Joseph Law: how does this work? 314 00:43:12.230 --> 00:43:33.169 Joseph Law: Let's lay over a real cryo cooler on top of the on top of the little model that we have, but we'll still be able to see how it works. How does it start? All right? The starting situation is that we have the Displacer in the lower position. It doesn't. There's no real starting position. It's a cycle. Let's choose a starting position. The Displacer is in the lower lower position and we have low pressure with inside the working volume. 315 00:43:33.590 --> 00:43:59.990 Joseph Law: So the 1st step pretty easy. You let in high pressure helium gas. You know, the helium gas has to flow through the Displacer. The Displacer is filled with materials what we call a Regenerator. There's a name for a collection of different materials, many different materials that can be included there. They need to have low thermal conductivity ideally, and a high specific heat, the higher the better. Yeah. But specific heat is temperature dependent. So you need to choose the correct materials for your correct applications. 316 00:44:00.440 --> 00:44:11.319 Joseph Law: Let's look at this on a Pt phase diagram. This is a very simple process. Now we quite literally just move up in pressure. Now the temperature remains essentially constant, especially on cycle number one. 317 00:44:11.870 --> 00:44:15.939 Joseph Law: We'll now go to the next step. We'll go to cycle number 2. So what do we do? 318 00:44:16.130 --> 00:44:26.282 Joseph Law: We move the Displacer up. We would lower the pressure, and hence the temperature in the working volume. Yeah. So we get a lower temperature. That's exactly what we're looking to have. 319 00:44:26.990 --> 00:44:33.199 Joseph Law: The 3rd step is we? Now let the high pressure helium gas out of the cold head. 320 00:44:33.710 --> 00:44:40.960 Joseph Law: We connect it to the cold pressure site. That gas, which is now colder has moved through the regenerator, cooling it down further. Yeah. 321 00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:48.520 Joseph Law: And we have a nice straight line in the theoretical model of the Pt. Of the the P Tp. Phase diagram. This is 322 00:44:48.600 --> 00:44:54.260 Joseph Law: theoretical. In reality it's an oval. It's always an oval. It's never perfect. Yeah. 323 00:44:54.840 --> 00:44:59.669 Joseph Law: And now the last step is we move this placer back down again. Yeah. 324 00:44:59.690 --> 00:45:11.320 Joseph Law: As a result, increasing pressure, increasing temperature. We're back to our starting point, which means I've gone round in a circle, and I've done nothing. It's not exactly true. What I've done is I've lowered the temperature of the regenerator. 325 00:45:11.520 --> 00:45:16.959 Joseph Law: Yeah, that's exactly what's going to happen again. Here we start again from the very beginning. We let high pressure in. 326 00:45:16.990 --> 00:45:31.730 Joseph Law: but it runs it goes through a regenerator that's slightly cooler. And now I move to a slightly different position on my Pt. Phase diagram, and I do this again and again, and again and again, and after 60 to 90 min I'm down at 10 or 4.2. Kelvin. 327 00:45:31.820 --> 00:45:45.120 Joseph Law: Yeah, depending upon the thermal mass. The thermal mass is the amount of material that needs to be cooled down on this certain thing. To give an example, if this was used with high end superconducting magnets, very large ones, maybe 3 dimensional magnets. We're talking about cooling down in the 328 00:45:45.700 --> 00:45:47.649 Joseph Law: 3 to 4 day range. 329 00:45:49.040 --> 00:46:15.749 Joseph Law: And now that is a GM. And that was that was actually the easy one. Right? And this is how a pulse tube works. It's much more complicated. And as a result, that's why the the suppliers of pulse tubes are Matt. There's not very many suppliers of pulse tubes we start off. Is we have this component here? Number 5. This is called. This is a rotary valve. This controls the inlet and the outlet of the high pressure into a pulse tube. This is the only moving part, and this is at room temperature, and can be exchanged in about 5 min 330 00:46:15.750 --> 00:46:25.489 Joseph Law: hence. The advantage of this of this of this product. We let gas in. It goes through the regenerator. Let's say, in this case the regenerator is already cold. Yeah, and the gas cools down. 331 00:46:26.130 --> 00:46:30.019 Joseph Law: We have a U Shaped system here. So what happens is the gas goes back up. 332 00:46:30.070 --> 00:46:45.169 Joseph Law: Now. It goes back up through an empty tube called a pulse tube. That's how it gets its name, and it creates a pressure wave. And on the high end what we call the hot end is actually a hot gas. Now, yeah, and it bleeds slowly through valve 7 into 8. What's called the buffer tank. 333 00:46:45.380 --> 00:46:54.400 Joseph Law: Yeah. And at this time the hot end radiates from many of the different ways that Chris that my colleague spoke about. It radiates heat away. 334 00:46:54.940 --> 00:46:57.219 Joseph Law: but the pressure wave turns, turns around 335 00:46:57.560 --> 00:47:03.769 Joseph Law: and it goes back down, and the high pressure at the top becomes low pressure at the bottom. We have a further drop in temperature. 336 00:47:03.900 --> 00:47:23.809 Joseph Law: Yeah. And this is where I get my energy from my cooling energy from. And this is where I can take energy away from something. So I can take heat away from the system at this point. The gas then continues to go through the regenerator. Yeah. And it leaves again. In reality, it doesn't actually leave. The gas is really rather static. And it's just oscillating backwards and forwards. Yeah. 337 00:47:25.460 --> 00:47:40.940 Joseph Law: big difference between a GM and a pole tube which actually, I'm brought into this presentation as one of the other ones. It's a GM. Works in every single orientation, you can put it in upside down, and it will still work a pulse tube is very dependent upon convection, and it will only work in the vertical direction and only upwards, never downwards. 338 00:47:41.750 --> 00:47:43.749 Joseph Law: So that's how a post tube works. 339 00:47:44.590 --> 00:47:52.250 Joseph Law: you know. So again, after the cycle is finished, it starts all over again. That's the whole point is, it's it's a cycle. All of these machines work on cycles. 340 00:47:52.320 --> 00:48:13.619 Joseph Law: So now where are they used? Let's look@firstst Off we look at space exploration and military. So the military do use this type of technology. Yeah. But space exploration is a bit nicer. The James Watt telescope that went up a few years ago, had a pulse tube built into a very customized specialist pulse tube. Yeah, but it did have a pulse tube going go into it, cooling down the detectors that it was using to 6.5 Kelvin. 341 00:48:14.850 --> 00:48:19.990 Joseph Law: The next one is the medical field. Yeah, this is really this is the big one. Right? So 342 00:48:20.010 --> 00:48:23.320 Joseph Law: modern MRI machines, yeah, are all dry. 343 00:48:23.340 --> 00:48:43.809 Joseph Law: And they all use GM, cryo coolers. Yeah. So every machine you ever sit in. So you guys are in America. So you've got probably got an American supplier supplying your GM. Cryo coolers and your MRI machines. Yeah, in Europe we have a different supplier supplying our MRI Cryo coolers. And that's that's the big one of the big markets for for cryogenics in the real world, you know. 344 00:48:45.000 --> 00:49:10.180 Joseph Law: Let's continue on. And of course we've got scientific applications. You know, this is this is not small. It's not as big as the as the as the medical field. But it's big enough. Yeah. And here I'm showing you one of the systems from Montana instruments. Yeah, that my colleague will go into a little bit more detail about later. Yeah, these are, this is a working horse. This is this is a system where you can do a tremendous number of different experiments and really get some fundamental research done. 345 00:49:12.010 --> 00:49:25.984 Joseph Law: Of course, what's booming at the moment is quantum computing. So again, it's a stock photo to represent something like quantum computing, quantum computing. All has to happen at low temperature, different temperatures depending upon the qubits in question. Yeah. But 346 00:49:27.313 --> 00:49:38.099 Joseph Law: but because of the coherence. Yeah of the qubits. And in the entanglement and the such. Yeah, you you need to keep them cold. The colder you keep them. Yeah, the the essentially the longer the the entanglement lifetime. 347 00:49:39.640 --> 00:49:49.670 Joseph Law: And what we've also got. And this is where we specialize a little bit. Yeah, is, you can use a cryo cooler. Yeah, as a pump. Yeah, it's called cryo pumping, and it has 348 00:49:50.180 --> 00:50:01.939 Joseph Law: more applications in in industry, especially the semiconductor industry than it does in than it does in research. But now I'll take you through how these work before handing back over to my colleague. 349 00:50:02.430 --> 00:50:19.130 Joseph Law: So 1st off, what is cryo pumping. Yeah. So what do we? We know this? Right? So if you if if your window of your, if your front screen window of your car is cold. Yeah, your breath will condense onto it. This is condensation. Yeah, what you can also have is absorption. Yeah. So 350 00:50:19.220 --> 00:50:19.779 Joseph Law: above 351 00:50:20.510 --> 00:50:43.449 Joseph Law: above your hop. Yeah, you have normally an extractor fan, and the extractor fan pulls the gas, pulls the air from the hob through activated charcoal, removing in this case the smell in the water. Yeah, but activated charcoal exactly the same activated charcoal that's being used there absorbs other gases at lower temperature. And these are the 2 processes we use for to build a cryopump. 352 00:50:43.660 --> 00:51:07.530 Joseph Law: Yeah, here's the technology of the cryopump is things my colleague has mentioned already. We have a vacuum chamber. It all has to be in vacuum. We have a baffle radiation shield to limit, to limit infrared radiation. This is about 10 Kelvin. We have the second stage of our cryo cooler. This is a 10 to 20 Kelvin, and we have a cold panel. It's a big, large surface area at low temperature to condense gases. We have activated charcoal to absorb gases and the such. So let's go through 353 00:51:07.620 --> 00:51:25.099 Joseph Law: first.st Off you get gases like oxy, like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Now, these are just absorbed on the baffle. Yeah, so they're not. They're not absorbed. So these are condensed on the baffle. This is a condensed condensation. Process. You have, then, condensation at lower temperatures, such as gases of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen. These will all 354 00:51:25.250 --> 00:51:39.559 Joseph Law: condense to a condense and be at a very low vapor pressure. Yeah, at the kind of temperatures we're talking about. So we can generate a good vacuum. And the last one is the absorption of the nasty gases in this regards. Yeah, helium, hydrogen and neon. 355 00:51:39.970 --> 00:51:49.679 Joseph Law: yeah, these are all absorbed by the by the activated charcoal, because the cold surfaces are never cold enough to have a vapor pressure that's that's suitable for these kind of applications. 356 00:51:50.070 --> 00:51:52.710 Joseph Law: And these are used in these are used in big 357 00:51:53.140 --> 00:52:11.180 Joseph Law: systems. These are used in in the semiconductor industry for pumping massive chambers. This is the advantage of them over the pumps, that you might know, like a turbo molecular pump or something, is they? They pump enormously fast. Yeah, but they're bigger. They're more expensive, and they require more infrastructure around them. 358 00:52:11.450 --> 00:52:40.299 Joseph Law: Yeah. So let's go through this a little bit. So we talked a little bit about what is cryogenics? Yeah. And what are low temperatures, extremely low temperatures. We talked a little bit about cry about cryo coolers. I hope I gave you the feeling that you understand how a cryo cooler works. Yeah, even if it was a theoretical thing rather more than a practical thing. Yeah. So the real world example or the importance of cryo coolers. Yeah, they're in tremendously important nowadays. Yeah. So really, so 15 years ago. Yeah, they were somewhat important 359 00:52:40.340 --> 00:52:41.750 Joseph Law: nowadays. It's 360 00:52:42.310 --> 00:53:00.849 Joseph Law: it's do or die. Yeah, right? With a few exceptions. Yeah, right? Modern cryogenics is essentially dry. There are a few exceptions. Yeah, a few exceptions here in Dresden, where it's definitely not dry. Yeah, you've got 3 types. You've got more, but you've got the pulse tube. You've got the GM type, the equivalent gain type, and you've got the sterling type with a different advantages and disadvantages. 361 00:53:00.910 --> 00:53:11.770 Joseph Law: and the big disadvantage of cryo coolers doesn't matter which type is our vibrations. Vibrations are a problem. GM, still being the workhorse are not the best solution for vibrations. 362 00:53:12.361 --> 00:53:34.368 Joseph Law: Out out of the box. Let's put it like that. So the gms, they typically vibrate to 5 to 20 micrometers. A post tube can be down in like the 2 micrometer range, maybe a little bit more, a little bit less sterling. We don't even need to talk about it. Yeah, however, research and some industries they require sub micrometer. Sometimes they require subten nanometer, which my colleague will go on about 363 00:53:34.700 --> 00:53:41.200 Joseph Law: vibrations. Yeah. However, then there's the question, what are vibrations? Yeah. And how are they defined? 364 00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:45.960 Joseph Law: And there I'll pass over onto the experts. Yeah, Montana instruments 365 00:53:46.990 --> 00:53:48.800 Joseph Law: right cross off back to you, mate. 366 00:53:59.280 --> 00:54:00.120 Joseph Law: You're muted. 367 00:54:00.120 --> 00:54:02.290 MIT: Might be muted. Christoph. 368 00:54:05.510 --> 00:54:07.880 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So should work. Can you see my screen guys. 369 00:54:07.880 --> 00:54:08.540 MIT: Yeah. 370 00:54:09.180 --> 00:54:11.236 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Excellent. So as 371 00:54:12.040 --> 00:54:13.550 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Joseph mentioned. 372 00:54:13.720 --> 00:54:22.649 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Vibrations on cryo coolers are an issue, and this requires some clever engineering on how to get rid of these vibrations. If you want to. 373 00:54:23.271 --> 00:54:31.549 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Use these type of coolers in a very demanding environment, such as microscopy 374 00:54:31.640 --> 00:54:34.240 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: or spectroscopy applications. 375 00:54:34.340 --> 00:54:42.572 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And at Montana instruments. We thought, we can do that. We found the the right 376 00:54:43.190 --> 00:54:46.567 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: knobs to turn, and the right 377 00:54:48.350 --> 00:55:04.850 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: components to integrate into our system to get rid of these micrometers of vibrations and damp them down into nanometers of vibrations, but still have the sample connected thermally to that cool, cold source of a cold head. 378 00:55:07.620 --> 00:55:08.279 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: We 379 00:55:08.760 --> 00:55:19.239 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: measured vibration with a capacitive sensor and achieved on our platform temperatures, temperature, stabilities of a cup 380 00:55:19.300 --> 00:55:33.520 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: of several milli, kelvin and vibrational levels at the sample platform of less than 5 nanometers, which is compared to the original micrometer vibration levels on the past tube itself. 381 00:55:33.987 --> 00:55:35.360 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Quite an achievement. 382 00:55:35.390 --> 00:55:44.580 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And now it's possible to use these dry cryogenics for very sensitive measurements, as you do in your as you do in your labs. Out there on universities 383 00:55:46.310 --> 00:55:48.300 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: right? I 384 00:55:48.500 --> 00:55:50.643 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: need to hurry up a little bit. 385 00:55:51.660 --> 00:55:53.891 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: so so to wrap up the story. 386 00:55:54.340 --> 00:56:18.659 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: we've seen that dry cryogenics. Has done a tremendous technology jump within within cryogenics. So before that before the time of dry coolers there were only cryogenic liquids available which requires very narrow necks on a dewar, basically on a on a transport vessel where the liquid helium was stored. And this doesn't allow for many 387 00:56:18.760 --> 00:56:26.890 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: electrical lines to go down to your sample, because you want to keep this narrow, this neck as narrow as possible, to avoid your helium, to evaporate to that 388 00:56:27.130 --> 00:56:45.973 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: with cryo coolers, you suddenly have enough cooling power at the 1st stage. So at 40 to 50 Kelvin to block all of that radiation which allows you to open up that neck and to add additional electric wires down to your sample. And this was basically needed for superconducting 389 00:56:46.350 --> 00:57:02.839 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: superconducting quantum computing as it's done at Ibm at the moment. So they've used wet fridges before, and they've always wanted to scale up these qubit numbers and therefore needed a lot more electrical lines. And suddenly dilutionary fridges could be built with an enormous 390 00:57:03.504 --> 00:57:05.930 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: with an enormous space to allow 391 00:57:06.110 --> 00:57:34.260 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: coax wires to go down to even Milli Kevin temperatures. And this was basically the technology jump needed for superconducting quantum guys to scale up their qubits. And it's a similar story with every new technology. They run through a certain technology readiness level. And as soon as it's easy to use this type of technology, the more and more users adapt to that technology. And the more and more funding goes into that research and development. 392 00:57:35.760 --> 00:57:49.280 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: of course, there's only the sometimes it's only the way to brutally scale up. By a a brute force approach like scaling up the systems, too. But at some point there's a technology jump with every technology. You know, 393 00:57:49.760 --> 00:58:01.059 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: something nobody thought about. And suddenly it's more easier. It's even easier to to use this type of technology which allows miniaturization and open up 394 00:58:01.070 --> 00:58:16.929 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: a whole new field of application. So if we think about cryogenics now, it's these huge, these huge machines. This use dilution, refrigerator hanging in every lab as soon as you understand how this is how this actually works and what you guys need in your research, there might be a 395 00:58:16.930 --> 00:58:34.435 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: possibility to have this type of infrastructure already on a chip level, and as soon as this this is available a cryogenics or a Milli cabin could be milli cabin sensors could be used in in chips, or even in cell phones or so this is 396 00:58:35.100 --> 00:58:40.700 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: This is why I see quantum computing or quantum technology in general as the 397 00:58:40.780 --> 00:58:43.260 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Apollo program of today. Cause. 398 00:58:43.550 --> 00:59:07.157 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yes, the goal is to have a quantum computer to do calculations and stuff. But the actual, the actual gain for humanity is on the way to get there. Cause there are lots of technologies developed. Similar to the space program. An example would be like, bar scanners, you which you have in every supermarket. Now to scan your products on the, on the on the cashier 399 00:59:07.490 --> 00:59:33.620 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And these bar scanners were actually developed during the NASA program during the Apollo program. Nobody knows about that or like fitness devices have been 1st discovered when they need humans to train in space without gravity. So this is something. The actual goal was to have someone on the moon. But we've gained so much on the way to get there. And I I guess this is exactly what's happening now with quantum technology. 400 00:59:33.620 --> 00:59:46.319 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yes, the hope the goal is to have a quantum computer. But we will develop a lot more technology on the way to get there. And this is my final words, and sorry for taking so much time. I guess we have another 5 min for questions. 401 00:59:46.450 --> 00:59:47.619 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: If I'm right. 402 00:59:49.220 --> 00:59:50.080 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yeah. 403 00:59:50.080 --> 01:00:07.360 MIT: Well, thank you both very much for everything you've said so far. I found it very informative. I don't know if anybody else knew all the details, but I thought it was great, so sure it'd be it would be super nice if we had 20 min for questions. But maybe we have time for a few 404 01:00:07.440 --> 01:00:10.390 MIT: anybody in the room have some questions for these guys. 405 01:00:14.880 --> 01:00:27.035 MIT: Well, I'll I'll start off with my question about. So the data you showed about the vibrations. I mean, there's a tremendous amount of engineering that went in to get to the point where the the all the different types of blues are working. But 406 01:00:27.740 --> 01:00:44.440 MIT: What was it that was keeping the vibrations up at the micron level were so long before you guys came along and figured out, is it some kind of active damping, or is? Is you know? What can you say about what really enabled you to get it down to that 5 nanometer layer level that you showed. 407 01:00:45.270 --> 01:01:02.009 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So the 1st thing to understand is how the movement of these, how the vibrations actually are defined, in which in which frequency, range and we've seen the GM. Cryo coolers, which move in a linear way. So it's quite easy to predict where the vibrations are at a certain point of time. 408 01:01:02.070 --> 01:01:09.429 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: It's different, a different story with a passive caller. So this doesn't work linearly. This does like a trapeze. 409 01:01:09.650 --> 01:01:11.910 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: a true piece from like an an oval thing. 410 01:01:11.930 --> 01:01:24.010 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: So it's much. It's much more complicated to damp these vibrations, because these oval moves when temperature goes down, so you can't actually predict where the cryo cooler will be in the next couple of 411 01:01:24.748 --> 01:01:28.519 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: moments. So usually the vibration 412 01:01:28.810 --> 01:01:33.599 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: damping of these GM coolers is easier, because you know 413 01:01:33.610 --> 01:01:46.580 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: which force goes into which direction you can basically place springs, and on the right, on the right points, where the where the GM. Cooler is mounted to damp these vibrations in every, in every 414 01:01:47.350 --> 01:01:49.300 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: direction. Of course. 415 01:01:49.876 --> 01:01:59.650 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: damping and isolating the sample from these vibrations would mean a loss in cooling power. So you need to find a clever way on how to thermally connect your sample, but still deconnect 416 01:01:59.680 --> 01:02:02.049 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: to decouple it from mechanical vibrations. 417 01:02:02.540 --> 01:02:03.230 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yes. 418 01:02:05.910 --> 01:02:10.170 MIT: So so that so that the answer is you, you found clever ways to decouple it 419 01:02:10.310 --> 01:02:13.999 MIT: while still providing the springiness and the damping. Yes. 420 01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:14.510 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Exactly. 421 01:02:14.510 --> 01:02:15.190 MIT: Great. 422 01:02:15.530 --> 01:02:19.900 MIT: So just one last question, unless anybody else has something in the room. 423 01:02:20.540 --> 01:02:38.530 MIT: One last question before I let you go. What can you tell me about if either in your own background or the background of the engineers that were working on this thing? What are some highlights of what led them to not only want to do this kind of work, but enable them to be able to contribute. 424 01:02:40.730 --> 01:02:43.610 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: I don't think I got the question right. 425 01:02:43.970 --> 01:02:58.510 MIT: What from their what from the engineering, the people of the engineers, what from their background or yours, either, interested you in going into this particular niche of the the broader industry, or what enabled them to be able to contribute. 426 01:02:59.110 --> 01:03:01.593 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yes, so there are. 427 01:03:02.130 --> 01:03:21.820 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: There are many cryogenics companies around in the world, everyone specializing in their own thing. And we've identified. There is a need for these dry cryogenics in a very stable environment. So nobody actually else could fulfill this need in a proper way to, you know, have at the have a micro. 428 01:03:21.820 --> 01:03:32.880 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: I have a nanometer level of vibration. So we thought, why don't give it a go and play around with the system, have several have several springs in several configurations, and 429 01:03:33.010 --> 01:03:40.136 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: as it works with every development, you get better and better the more you use it. So over time, we found that 430 01:03:40.720 --> 01:03:59.349 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: in a very specific configuration, it's actually usable for applications like yours, like spectroscopy. Even even like demanding experiments like optical cavities, could now be done in an in a in a dry cryostat, which is remarkable. So 431 01:03:59.730 --> 01:04:02.359 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: for me, the the 432 01:04:02.680 --> 01:04:06.288 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: the challenge, or the pleasure behind it is that 433 01:04:06.740 --> 01:04:21.979 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: The more you think about a certain problem to overcome, the more you do actually stuff. And suddenly you see something which actually works. And you find out why it's working, you know, by changing parameters and by improving even more so. 434 01:04:22.050 --> 01:04:37.619 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Yes, as a physicist, that, and as a scientist, that's what we do, we improve and we improve at some point. You need to say, no, this is a product now, and we're going to sell it. But the inner scientist usually wants to improve even more, and even do even better versions of that. Yeah. 435 01:04:37.680 --> 01:04:40.679 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: And that's what's happening at the moment in our R. And D. Department. 436 01:04:41.890 --> 01:04:42.470 MIT: Awesome. 437 01:04:42.470 --> 01:04:49.800 Joseph Law: That's why that's why we have product managers to control us, to keep us on check. Yeah. Otherwise we just don't stop. 438 01:04:51.840 --> 01:05:13.420 MIT: Yeah, well, we don't have time to go deep into that subject, but that is definitely something that I want to use these kinds of forums to convey to researchers who are just coming out of the lab, and and not necessarily always aware of the profit motive that drives companies, and you get told. No, you can't do anymore. It must be shipped now, and it's hard 439 01:05:13.500 --> 01:05:14.760 MIT: sometimes. 440 01:05:15.420 --> 01:05:20.629 MIT: Alright. Well, thank you. Guys again so much. This I thought. It's been very informative. 441 01:05:20.660 --> 01:05:21.399 MIT: and 442 01:05:22.650 --> 01:05:24.759 MIT: hopefully. We'll see you again soon. 443 01:05:25.110 --> 01:05:26.340 MIT: Thanks, pleasure. 444 01:05:26.340 --> 01:05:26.910 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Thank you very much. 445 01:05:26.910 --> 01:05:27.639 Joseph Law: Very much. 446 01:05:28.980 --> 01:05:29.810 Joseph Law: Thank you. 447 01:05:30.150 --> 01:05:31.580 Christoph Karl - Montana Instruments: Have a nice weekend. Guys. 448 01:05:32.270 --> 01:05:33.390 MIT: You too.