Steven F Nagle: So today we have with us
Steven F Nagle: and Sichuan
Steven F Nagle: from Qtech laser, as you can see there on the screen.
Steven F Nagle: I believe we decided that they would talk about the engineering challenges, mostly related to thermal management.
Steven F Nagle: but perhaps some other engineering challenges as well, and make us a little smarter about how to get really high power lasers in a small, compact form. Factor. Right? Sure. So I apologize. I did not prepare my usual little bio speech for you, but your bio information is on the Rogers website for anybody to go look at for the form entry for this day, Forum.
Steven F Nagle: But other than that why don't you
Steven F Nagle: introduce yourself? And then we can launch right in.
Steven F Nagle: Sure. Hi, everybody! This is Ming Guang hu and also
Steven F Nagle: we found it. Yeah, for me, I am a amo physicist by training. Then, later, working in the some quantum computing company for 3 years after that, I found that laser technology is really important for the quantum industry. So I decided to quit my
Steven F Nagle: quantum computing company job and then start this startup. Then trying to build awesome lasers.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: Oh, Hi, everyone. So I so have more than 10 years industry in so many laser development and manufacturing. So I work on several. So I'm putting my at a value for Tony's for Tony. So we focus on single frequency for many years. Yeah, thank you.
Steven F Nagle: Hey, that's starting. This thing is active. Now it it's both looking at you and recording you. So, okay, I figured it out sort of.
Steven F Nagle: okay.
Steven F Nagle: So 1st of all, I want to briefly mention what the Q tech laser is working on. So we focus on the fiber laser and amplifier manufacturer in the Us.
Steven F Nagle: So we design manufacture and support all our products directly from our factory in Boston and Massachusetts.
Steven F Nagle: So the laser features include low noise, narrow language, polarization maintain. And also we focus on high power. So our products, we can achieve widely available evidence range. I will tell you a little bit about how we do that. Then all the all the laser products we based on the fiber laser technology. And we can make the laser to be all fiber, which means you don't have to align yourself
Steven F Nagle: and also we're trying to combine someone new, like a internet of the thing into this laser control. So make it a laser control
Steven F Nagle: interface be user, friendly.
Steven F Nagle: so the laser can be
Steven F Nagle: provide, and either by a force, air cooling or water cooling dep depends on the customer choice. So we typically package the laser into a 3 or 4 U standard 19 inch Rock mountable boxes so can be easily
Steven F Nagle: put your experiment.
Steven F Nagle: Also our laser. Meet all the standard certificate that required by government.
Steven F Nagle: just give you a highlight. This, the wavelength range is typically from 500 to 2 micron, 500 nanometer to 2 micron. The power level can deliver between 100 milliwatt up to 100 watt, depend on the specific wavelength you need
Steven F Nagle: So for the technology, I can quickly go over this. Most of you may already heard about this kind of a technology I've seen. This is the this is the one of the photo of the PIN fiber we used.
Steven F Nagle: And typically, if you want to make a a fiber amplifier, what do you do? You? You send a leader into the fiber, and also as well as a pump line
Steven F Nagle: into the fiber
Steven F Nagle: then due to the laser physics, is showing here as an example. This is fiber. The energy level. You have a pump light around the 980 nanometer. You pump there. Then the next one will drop down to here. E, 2 energy stage. Then they can do spontaneous emission. If there's a no sea light going in, and once you put the the sea light they can do the stimulated emission to amplify the sea light.
Steven F Nagle: Basically on the right top, right?
Steven F Nagle: That's 1 of the laser schematics we typically, use. It's kind of in the master oscillator amplification, a power, amplification, configuration, or mobile configuration.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: we typically put the fiber amplifier into multi stage to surprise the the noise, and also amplify a Li- laser power up to
Steven F Nagle: high level.
Steven F Nagle: So in order to the game, fiber, have unlimited the optical bandwidth in order to expand that optical bandwidth to border range. We combine our fiber laser technology with a nonlinear optics.
Steven F Nagle: For example, here we right now, we offer the second harmonic generation that basically can double the frequency or or shorten the evidence by half
Steven F Nagle: by factor 2. To get the deeper frequency range regime.
Steven F Nagle: And we also offer the fiber laser plus the sound frequency generation. So
Steven F Nagle: option, then we can even extend our events range to bigger range.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: why we choose the fiber as our technology basis.
Steven F Nagle: So fiber laser have the advantage here. 1st of all, it has a high gain efficiency
Steven F Nagle: compared to other type of laser
Steven F Nagle: typically, when we work on a multiple stage
Steven F Nagle: byropative fire.
Steven F Nagle: the 1st page
Steven F Nagle: we keep keep hiking.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: you start from a low power, you keep it hiking to a moderate level of a power.
Steven F Nagle: So for the second stage we'll keep a moderate game. But with a high output power
Steven F Nagle: doing this way we can surprise the little noise.
Steven F Nagle: so second advantage for fiber laser, because it's a fiber. It has a high surface to volume ratio.
Steven F Nagle: What's that benefit that property can bring up to. Basically you can do efficient cooling because you have a much larger surface to contact
Steven F Nagle: with your water cleaning or air cleaning pipes.
Steven F Nagle: So that work
Steven F Nagle: basically give you more room to increase your power level.
Steven F Nagle: So another thing is the accident being quality, because everything to confine the fiber. It's kind of a weekend, so that when the light coming out of the fiber is a naturally a very perfect Gaussian 0 0 mode.
Steven F Nagle: That's a very important for a lot of application.
Steven F Nagle: for example, if you want to keep that to good fiber coupling efficiency, it's better to start with a good
Steven F Nagle: high quality beam profile from your laser.
Steven F Nagle: The last one is really important to not just academic research and also to industry.
Steven F Nagle: All the fiber laser can be made
Steven F Nagle: fiber. Basically the light confined to the fiber optics until it's coming out.
Steven F Nagle: That means, you know, fiber is much easier to work with compared to the free space optics
Steven F Nagle: you don't have. There are no, not for the user to touch.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah. So you basically just put this laser in your experiment. Turn it on.
Steven F Nagle: turn it off. That's it. You don't have to touch anything.
Steven F Nagle: So this is advantage for fiber laser. Of course there are some challenges in order to get the ideal high power, low noise, laser for you to use. There are 3 main
Steven F Nagle: challenges. Q. Tech we encounter during the past half year. When we build in the lasers. The 1st one is fiber burning. I will show more details, dive into more details in the next slides. The second one is a more interstability.
Steven F Nagle: The 3rd one was stimulated brain scattering.
Steven F Nagle: Basically this 3. This limited is that
Steven F Nagle: the limitation on how much power you can get
Steven F Nagle: without sacrificing that noise
Steven F Nagle: for fiber warning.
Steven F Nagle: It's a it's good to understand.
Steven F Nagle: when the fiber burn burning hype happen. Basically, that's a permanent damage. You
Steven F Nagle: can also cause some fire hydro in your lab, and also it's a costly to repair or replace the fiber parts.
Steven F Nagle: The main. The reason for for this fiber burning
Steven F Nagle: to happen with it, because
Steven F Nagle: the game fiber is
Steven F Nagle: way that emit or amplify the laser line is actually also absorb the lights
Steven F Nagle: here, show the typical in fiber data sheets, they will tell you not only the emission curve, which is a red curve, and also absorption, which is a blue curve, as you can see on each wavelength
Steven F Nagle: at some wavelength range you can see the abortion is actually bigger than the emission, which is bad for for that color
Steven F Nagle: to make a laser. And typically, we choose
Steven F Nagle: our wavelength
Steven F Nagle: based on this curve. Make sure the emission curve. Emission
Steven F Nagle: efficiency is bigger, even larger than the absorption.
Steven F Nagle: And
Steven F Nagle: so
Steven F Nagle: when you pump when you use a lot of pump trying to pump power trying to get a a high laser power output.
Steven F Nagle: There's a absorption of the fiber that definitely need to be welly engineer and calculated engine engineer.
Steven F Nagle: So cooling fibers is very important to get a high power user output.
Steven F Nagle: The second main challenges on board instability. The mode I'm talking here is actually include 2 different types. The 1st one is transverse mode. If you work in a web guy, we've guide technology before, you know, like, confine the web guy. If the web guy
Steven F Nagle: part section is small, it probably can. You can confine into the lowest question 0 0 move in the we've got. But once a week, Guy, get a
Steven F Nagle: and cross section, get a bigger or your power get high.
Steven F Nagle: I've shown you this
Steven F Nagle: in this paper and plot.
Steven F Nagle: the confined different mode will start to jump to the second or next higher order. Mode
Steven F Nagle: that I'm always bad for these leader to to reach them. More power
Steven F Nagle: and more more dangerously those those more is unstable it could.
Steven F Nagle: You could, coming back to the leisure and
Steven F Nagle: to damage the other fiber optics.
Steven F Nagle: If you don't handle properly so ideally, we want to filter this a higher mode, surprise this higher order mode as much as possible.
Steven F Nagle: The second mode instability we encounter during the fiber building is the parastatic lasing
Steven F Nagle: ideally. You want your signal type.
Steven F Nagle: You only want your signal signal line to be amplified.
Steven F Nagle: But due to the fundamental physics, there are always some automatic, spontaneous emission spectrum show up.
Steven F Nagle: This will become the
Steven F Nagle: bad when you're trying to reach the high power
Steven F Nagle: and the high power. This ESE.
Steven F Nagle: Background could also shoot up.
Steven F Nagle: And in your laser system, if you have any
Steven F Nagle: car like a fiber slicing joint. Reflect, live back
Steven F Nagle: that reflection light will actually formal
Steven F Nagle: leasing mode, the second leasing boat
Steven F Nagle: uncontrollable, that will also damaging the fiber optics and makes the laser unstable. Yeah, both in facts will limit the laser, the final laser output power.
Steven F Nagle: and you can even damage the fiber
Steven F Nagle: or fiber optics if we don't handle properly.
Steven F Nagle: The 3rd challenge is, that's the one we we spend a lot of time trying to solve.
Steven F Nagle: This is this is called a stimulated Browning scattering.
Steven F Nagle: If you ever use a fiber in your lab at a high power level, you all know what this mean, and basically this a stimulated or sps. This is this phenomenon is a, is a based on is caused by the fundamental nonlinear property of the fiber material. This becomes an
Steven F Nagle: back, or it becomes obvious that when you're trying to use a single frequency, narrow line laser source.
Steven F Nagle: and also when you're trying to reach the one tune up the high laser power. This effect will show up.
Steven F Nagle: and
Steven F Nagle: when it show up there are 2 consequence
Steven F Nagle: from there. Why is the output power of your laser
Steven F Nagle: were just a saturate at some level.
Steven F Nagle: Even. You'll increase more of your your either fiber, copying power or laser power. It won't come in off more
Steven F Nagle: she's actually there.
Steven F Nagle: The second, why is that
Steven F Nagle: this Sps effects actually will put on some intensity noise on your laser output.
Steven F Nagle: And this may be not important to everybody, but it's definitely important for quantum community. And, for example, neutral. Item, tweezer experiment. They care about the frequency, the laser intensity frequency
Steven F Nagle: around the 10 Kilohertz and one Megahertz, because that regime is aware their typing frequencies.
Steven F Nagle: Imagine your leader is noisy over here, the actual noise actually going to modulate their track.
Steven F Nagle: The captain.
Steven F Nagle: the when you modulate the trap at the trapping frequency.
Steven F Nagle: you were heated up the trap items inside.
Steven F Nagle: That's why people care about this.
Steven F Nagle: and I believe there are some other equivalent effects for other quantum technology like quantum sensing or things.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: in principle, the Fps is a proportional to
Steven F Nagle: the effective area of the fiber and also inverse proportional to
Steven F Nagle: the fiber leaf.
Steven F Nagle: and
Steven F Nagle: also depend on the C liter language.
Steven F Nagle: Here.
Steven F Nagle: Imagine you have a long fiber. It's easier for you to see these impacts, or you have a much smaller
Steven F Nagle: core fiber. It's also easy for you to say this. So what we are. Battle every day is basically trying to choose the right fiber
Steven F Nagle: with a reasonable effective area of the fiber, and also
Steven F Nagle: not too long or not too long the steam fiber, so we can reach that power level we want without a without getting this, without a suffering from this new Sbs effects.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: with that. And
Steven F Nagle: can I ask a question? Yes, thank you. So
Steven F Nagle: this
Steven F Nagle: is not in unit of power. Right? The expression here. How do I do? Estimation effectively. Suppose I have a 10 meter fiber, and then typical is 3 micro 4 micro so and then I have a narrow language laser. I don't know what is the Delta new reading?
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, yeah, all this information can be found online. This is in the textbook. So roughly, for the example you mentioned
Steven F Nagle: both for your diameter at what we've been visible. Okay, yeah, yeah, take 4, 20, because I will work before. Okay, So
Steven F Nagle: for the fiber like a 5 meter long fiber. Yeah, the maximum power you can get out of fiber. I'm talking about auto fiber, probably around the
Steven F Nagle: 2 or 3 watts. Yeah, that's give you order magnitude to single. Yes. Reference. Okay, yeah. Another example is for 1013 or one micro nanometer. If you want 100 watt get into your fiber so that fiber lungs need to be
Steven F Nagle: shorter than the half half meter. Oh, see, yes.
Steven F Nagle: yes.
Steven F Nagle: And then
Steven F Nagle: there are also other challenges that I wanted to briefly mention the to reach the high power. No noise. Some electronics. You want your electronics to be low noise. So there are no switching noise from your electronics that will put it on the on the ring
Steven F Nagle: of your laser. The second one is the quality of the fiber components and
Steven F Nagle: the the product we're trying to build develop. There are no
Steven F Nagle: both of our products. There are no identical products in the market, which means there are also no well-known supply chain
Steven F Nagle: in the market. So a lot of fiber components we need to build our lasers. It's actually customized that require
Steven F Nagle: the quality of the fiber components to be good. But unfortunately, if the new products so typically our supplier, they don't have a
Steven F Nagle: equipment or right laser to test
Steven F Nagle: that, basically. Oh, they say we can still use this fiber components. But we cannot guarantee the performance. You have to test yourself. If there's something wrong. We're happy to help. That's basically situation. We have
Steven F Nagle: anyways. So
Steven F Nagle: assume we we spend a lot of time trying to solve all this. The main challenges as well as other challenges. Then at this moment we can show you some
Steven F Nagle: performance of Qtech laser products.
Steven F Nagle: the 1st one is a we have a laser already being applied. Then this issues, you want atomic absorption signal.
Steven F Nagle: And it's a nice unclean.
Steven F Nagle: Then, in terms of beam quality scene people, typically people use M square
Steven F Nagle: to measure how good the PIN quality is.
Steven F Nagle: So for this specific data here, we can get answer equal to 1.0 2,
Steven F Nagle: the when M. Square equal to one. That's a perfect ideal laser, and
Steven F Nagle: when M. Square, less than 1.1, you can see that laser still have very good quality factor. You can get a still very good fabric coupling efficiency
Steven F Nagle: if you want to use that laser. So if this is a fiber laser, and it's a single mode. Fiber is basically limited by your isn't it? Yes, exactly. We're trying to conquer with the other laser. No sony state laser, but you get it single mode.
Steven F Nagle: Yes, but we still need to measure that here. We can measure. It's a 1.0 2. Sometimes it also depends on your automation lens. Your combination lens is prevalence is not perfect that can cause some optical aberration.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, do you have trouble sourcing desired lenses as well.
Steven F Nagle: for hypo. Yes.
Steven F Nagle: the the one more thing we I didn't touch, but that's also need from by some of our customer is a thermal lensing effects
Steven F Nagle: right now.
Steven F Nagle: once you go to terms, Watts.
Steven F Nagle: When the light coming out go to sort of experiments. For example, you measure the beam diameter versus the different power you will see the beam diameter to drop.
Steven F Nagle: Now, we not bad.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah. So that's because it's preference. Material to use is is cheap. Yeah, not right? Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: and also typically the
Steven F Nagle: another performance is optical bandwidth.
Steven F Nagle: You know, some laser is a really specific for a certain wavelength. But good thing about Q. Tech laser we demonstrate. And we actually have a standard products with them
Steven F Nagle: for for this C band of a telecom laser. We can get like up to more than 10 nanometer up to bandwidth, basically 1 5 amplifier
Steven F Nagle: that can handle like this specific example. It can be compatible with a 1545 up to 1565 nanometer. So that's basically across like a 20 nanometer across optic band.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: then the next one is a good Pr Pr means a polarization extension ratio.
Steven F Nagle: this could be very important for weak eye research or pic research, because when they
Steven F Nagle: need a laser to test the reply.
Steven F Nagle: Then you don't break good news.
Steven F Nagle: polarization, stability.
Steven F Nagle: There's also what we've got the key. If your laser doesn't have this good pr, when you measure your device, you are not sure about bad performance coming from laser. We're coming from the web guy itself. So typically, we want our Pr to be better than 20. dB,
Steven F Nagle: what? What is affecting
Steven F Nagle: the people organization, you know. Less than half an hour there is it?
Steven F Nagle: Is it the fiber itself warming up, or is it the optics or the source where it was in your optical chain? Right? Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: The next
Steven F Nagle: important parameter is a sample suppression ratio.
Steven F Nagle: This is also important for some laser application. For example, people driving molecular transition or biology imaging
Steven F Nagle: for some narrow line
Steven F Nagle: condition. They care about this side mode suppression ratio, because they only want this single frequency.
Steven F Nagle: or there's a single
Steven F Nagle: they don't want the noise that the calls by this
Steven F Nagle: other, like a SE.
Steven F Nagle: Or other thing that can cause a wrong interpretation of of your data.
Steven F Nagle: So keep that
Steven F Nagle: people like to S. Msr. To be as low as possible.
Steven F Nagle: Then the last one is a relative intensive noise I mentioned before. Here I show you a class of a Q tech laser products.
Steven F Nagle: ring data compared with the other vendors.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, the yellow one. Here
Steven F Nagle: is a 1 of the 2 tech laser products with a 51 liter power out output
Steven F Nagle: than compared to other vendors.
Steven F Nagle: Their power is probably like a 10 watts or 2 watts
Steven F Nagle: level.
Steven F Nagle: so
Steven F Nagle: for the frequency bigger than 10 kilohertz.
Steven F Nagle: So we can guarantee the less than 100,
Steven F Nagle: the minus 130 Dbc per hertz.
Steven F Nagle: So there's a frequency here. It's a basically 10 kilohertz. That's the frequency above. That frequency is really hard to for for users to do the noise eater to do noise eating by some feedback
Steven F Nagle: below 10 Gigahertz. The users can do like a aem based noise eating by themselves. So that's why
Steven F Nagle: typically, we pay attention to the ring noise above 10 kilohertz.
Steven F Nagle: because that cannot be easily
Steven F Nagle: noise, cancel
Steven F Nagle: by user. What are the possible reasons to have this different performance?
Steven F Nagle: Yes. I mentioned to you, why is you? Electronics. Okay. For example, there are a lot of spikes that's coming from electronics. I see.
Steven F Nagle: Also, there's an overall.
Steven F Nagle: the overall.
Steven F Nagle: The monster have a slow response.
Steven F Nagle: This overall level. That's
Steven F Nagle: some are caused by Sbs.
Steven F Nagle: They have a software from Sbs.
Steven F Nagle: and also mention to you the Q tech laser have a multi stage amplifier design. The reason we do that is suppressive noise like the 1st stage you want to keep high gain. The last stage you want. Keep a moderate game, but high output power. With this kind of a design. If you just want to start with one stage, you
Steven F Nagle: you are likely to reach the same power level, but the noise will get back.
Steven F Nagle: Do you design your electronics in house? We work with other companies to to design and deliver? If you have good resource. We can discuss. We're always trying to improve our electronics. And
Steven F Nagle: yeah, we could maybe talk about that.
Steven F Nagle: This is the last slide I want quickly to advertise our products a little bit. So so far we we can design and deliver single frequency, laser and single frequency, high power, low noise amplifier as well, and also we integrate it with a second harmonic generation mixer or some frequency generation mixer. So so far.
Steven F Nagle: we already successfully deliver those products like a 2 wall air, cool version and 2 version as well as
Steven F Nagle: 21 wonderful thing for our customer. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: yeah, yeah.
Steven F Nagle: yeah. Okay, so thank you for your attention.
Steven F Nagle: So
Steven F Nagle: good question for this within this fund.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, no, it's coupled to your
Steven F Nagle: no, we we test well, of course, if you place the wrong configuration. Yes, it will copy into electronics.
Steven F Nagle: So we'd be of
Steven F Nagle: your fiber is inside the box. Right? Yeah, the game medium. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: My very basic understanding is it's mounted over there. And then this recusive vibration will actually modulate the indexion or something like, Yeah, you want to put them far. It's separated far away, especially the sea liter, where our sea liter
Steven F Nagle: so you know, have a thank you material around that
Steven F Nagle: anybody have any
Steven F Nagle: questions from
Steven F Nagle: back to any other slides.
Steven F Nagle: I have another question. Yeah, I find all this stuff very interesting. You go to the very beginning, right? I don't. I'm not familiar with this type of laser system actually is the 1st time. Look into the details. So yeah, here, this stimulated emission process. Does it have a threshold, so can I amplify single water using this scheme.
Steven F Nagle: so sure
Steven F Nagle: if you want to, a single photo. So typically I think some, I know some people use the entangle this kind of photon then use. I just mentioned in my open
Steven F Nagle: mixer.
Steven F Nagle: This guy does not have a special efficiency. Maybe this efficiency is very low. Now we have to. And then maybe we'll say, so. This one is, Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: yeah. But golden laser. We have a pi code. You only pumping or electrical pumping, they need to reach some certain level. Then we also have power. Come on. Now, you need to have a very high. So out.
Steven F Nagle: yeah, but for 5 days, because we can do some now. And yeah.
Steven F Nagle: so even we go to the single frequency in a 9 week deal. So kilos, yeah.
Steven F Nagle: and I forgive me. I stepped out of the room to grab my sandwich during this time. But
Steven F Nagle: the pump light and the choices of
Steven F Nagle: output
Steven F Nagle: wavelengths are they always?
Steven F Nagle: Do you offer a fixed selection? And what? What are your selections again?
Steven F Nagle: Yes, pipeline need to be a little bit far away from the different from the fiber optic scan.
Steven F Nagle: Distinguish them right? But pump like around the
Steven F Nagle: they also have a summer range. You can choose. You can choose from 900 up to maybe one microphone. Yeah, you can choose the dials you want. And what are the
Steven F Nagle: output wavelengths that you guys offer
Steven F Nagle: output output for fiber. Right now, the 3 main fiber type. We use the turbine dope carbon doped and also sodium dope
Steven F Nagle: internal and cover from 1.0 2
Steven F Nagle: micron up to 1.0 9 micron. The urban dope can cover from
Steven F Nagle: one our 15, our username or 15
Steven F Nagle: 30, nanometer up to 1610.
Steven F Nagle: Not immediately.
Steven F Nagle: The thorium can cover much broader than us.
Steven F Nagle: 1830. Nanometer up to
Steven F Nagle: 2,014 numbers.
Steven F Nagle: What's the what is the lowest wavelength? You guys sell
Steven F Nagle: the
Steven F Nagle: the lowest wavelength based on the theory we can cover up down to 500,
Steven F Nagle: and
Steven F Nagle: that capability. By the way, that capability is shown on our website. Yeah, yeah. So with our frequency doubler or frequency, some frequency generation, we can get a wavelength down to 500 nanometer
Steven F Nagle: if you want to go to UV. I know some people need that. We probably will work with the other vendor to get some of this activity doubler together.
Steven F Nagle: So that's how you get 4, 20
Steven F Nagle: 4, 20. If you want small power 100, you don't have to go that way if you want to. Watts. Yes, you need a heavy double. What if you wanted something in between like, let's say 909 50. What's the best way to get that?
Steven F Nagle: You double the 40, whoever? Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: I assume you want a high power. Yeah. And yeah, how much power do you think you get out of that? For that
Steven F Nagle: is a 10 wah or 50 watt number?
Steven F Nagle: Yup. Okay, yeah. Then we can do that.
Steven F Nagle: How big of a hole do you want to put in your head? And these are? This is probably a dumb question. But are these? These are all pulse lasers. No, this is cw, yeah. So what was the frequency axis? Again, on the on the noise charts?
Steven F Nagle: Frequency is that just sampling? That's like a power spectral density of
Steven F Nagle: oh, you mean the ring data, this one. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: this is the laser intensity fluctuation spectrum. Yeah. Okay? So it's just reading with fft machine. Okay? So these are all your choices. Here are all. Cw, yeah, we right now, we focus on Cw, you said here pretty much available as well for pulse laser.
Steven F Nagle: No problem so based on how you you require. So for me. So I guess I work on, you know, work on at a value. So I am not by myself.
Steven F Nagle: So far we can even one miniature or 1 45 miniature, which kind of level based on we how to define. So this. So 9, 19 weeks, something we need to.
Steven F Nagle: We can come on. The energy be very high. But now we sometimes we use the commercial fiber.
Steven F Nagle: Actually, we for production. So we typically try to simplify all these pump. So we try to consider the based on sending that.
Steven F Nagle: But sometime we need to customer deal the home deal these kinds of yeah, then we can improve the efficiency. But these are based on the end user. May how many? Then we always can provide the best solution. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: okay, somebody online is asking, what what is the language? At? 6 20,
Steven F Nagle: 6, 20. Yeah, that's good question.
Steven F Nagle: we can offer as no as narrow as 20 kilohertz right now.
Steven F Nagle: what will be the total range?
Steven F Nagle: I can't remember the spectros. Faulty experiment that.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah. For example, if you are trying to migrate.
Steven F Nagle: yeah, one nanometer. So one so to get there, we actually use this sound frequency generation. So the wavelength tune ability for for
Steven F Nagle: should be bigger than 1 the limit, the main limitation coming from the width mixer
Steven F Nagle: which it showed here.
Steven F Nagle: They can be tuned by tune. The temperature. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: Do you guys have a number for the stability of the wavelength? Yeah, for 6 20? Yes, we do, we actually make a quotation for Chow, with all the specs there for different type of applications I still didn't fully understand. So for these Ecd laser. You just grab the piezo.
Steven F Nagle: which is very convenient at the moment. Range is very limited here. If you are doing temperature tuning
Steven F Nagle: like, oh, are you scanning the temperature constantly, or you only need to dial the temperature
Steven F Nagle: right? Because my understanding is this
Steven F Nagle: frequency. Some mixture has a certain bandwidth within the bandwidth. You don't need to do too many.
Steven F Nagle: So yeah, you are right, there's a thermal bandwidth. Right? Okay with, yeah thermal bandwidth. If you tune the witness, you will have a different laser output power, conversion, efficiency. Okay, yeah, if you are okay with that. Yeah, I see. So you don't have to turn like before. Yeah, when we say tuning, we try to
Steven F Nagle: optimize the best efficiency. Okay, that's what I mean. Okay, so so basically, what you're saying is the Ir, no problem. That's no problem. So we typically use the one that frequency we use the telecom laser that you know, the telecom C band laser
Steven F Nagle: continuously. Every okay? And then you just need to make sure the mixture
Steven F Nagle: has a bandwidth. Follow that.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, yeah, please. Matching condition. Yes. Okay, okay.
Steven F Nagle: laser fiber amplifier. We designs broadband. So amplifier part, no problem.
Steven F Nagle: Okay?
Steven F Nagle: But
Steven F Nagle: okay, you can add you to me
Steven F Nagle: for the frequency conversion
Steven F Nagle: is that
Steven F Nagle: that's probably
Steven F Nagle: send orders like like.
Steven F Nagle: for frequency mixer, we the 1st option, like for 6 20, we typically use a web guy.
Steven F Nagle: because, yeah, me, sir.
Steven F Nagle: yeah. So it's a
Steven F Nagle: yeah. So
Steven F Nagle: when you were 100 to your people, you have done a frequency coupler or something right?
Steven F Nagle: Thought you had like one of the things
Steven F Nagle: before joining per you had. You had a frequency. You mean your frequency mixing stuff. I thought you had done like a frequency controller to to produce like
Steven F Nagle: I do make some. Ecpl, yeah. And also we use a lot of this pulse laser
Steven F Nagle: for tripling.
Steven F Nagle: The efficiency is not great. Probably if you don't need much power. But also option. One of the ways we get to point 20 was using latency program.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah, okay, okay.
Steven F Nagle: yeah, that's where you invite.
Steven F Nagle: And then one of the thumb photons adds, Sh to the
Steven F Nagle: that machine generated field. That is.
Steven F Nagle: that was one area.
Steven F Nagle: the directing drive.
Steven F Nagle: the reward
Steven F Nagle: speed.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah. Single photo, you know, for one of the 190.
Steven F Nagle: So that's 1 of the ways that people generally.
Steven F Nagle: okay.
Steven F Nagle: 2, 90. Okay.
Steven F Nagle: yeah, yeah, that's a good week
Steven F Nagle: implement to go from a strong pump in the
Steven F Nagle: like getting the 900,000.
Steven F Nagle: Yeah. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: So what I know for amo community is is typically doubling, and you go to
Steven F Nagle: 58, 580.
Steven F Nagle: Then you you doctor there with a tape that's a and give you a lot of power.
Steven F Nagle: The 2 90, even single photon. You probably still need a hundred meter. Watt, yeah, to start with. And
Steven F Nagle: right, so yeah, final question for Chow. Okay.
Steven F Nagle: so you you have this background in atomic physics.
Steven F Nagle: my very naive understanding about the history of this right people originally use dye laser.
Steven F Nagle: And then comes the semiconductorism.
Steven F Nagle: And then you mean for code. Item, yes, yes. Ecd. University you are, and the Ecd. Is widely adopted. And now you are kind of selling a picture that everyone should be fiber based.
Steven F Nagle: So I mean, if I ask a very specific example, suppose someone is trying to build a neutral item based upon the builder. Do you think a all fiber laser solution would be the the way? That's the way to go. Okay
Steven F Nagle: okay for us. We we want to go this direction, then this one, then maybe for. So if this prediction is true, then basically all the will return
Steven F Nagle: by the fiber laser. Yeah, okay, yeah.
Steven F Nagle: no. Maybe, then go to vertical cavity. Something like this. Then it can come up, maybe more narrow than
Steven F Nagle: yeah. Another contribution from other technology is a pump laser
Steven F Nagle: like right now we use a lot of is a semiconductor pump dials popping into a fiber.
Steven F Nagle: That's the where it's coming. Then. Nice thing about fiber. King fiber. Amplification is that
Steven F Nagle: you can take all you can put a lot of this pump laser dial in power, all combined into one clean fiber and the different laser dial. They are incoherent from each other. Now you combine them into like this one fiber, actually combine all this power into one single
Steven F Nagle: limited by. You're limited by the power of the game fiber, aren't you? Not by the power of the info Blazers?
Steven F Nagle: Yes, that's true. Depend on Kilowatt, even for 100 watt these are we are talking about. We can offer right now. We actually combine multiple.
Steven F Nagle: And the the, how much does the quality of the pump laser matter in terms of its own noise, performance and stability. Yeah, so, depending on what kind of fiber laser technology you are using the for the one we are using here. We basically do just directly do the amplification that's stimulated.
Steven F Nagle: So it's not less. And it's not very sensitive to the pump. Liter.
Steven F Nagle: But if you do, Rama, for example, if I ramification, that would be very sensitive. Yeah.
Steven F Nagle: okay, well.
Steven F Nagle: sorry. I appreciate you coming, and this is very informative if I had to summarize what I think you said about
Steven F Nagle: the
Steven F Nagle: the Q tech technology and and engineering contributions to get to this very low noise offering. It sounds like it's number one very careful tried and and tried and true, and
Steven F Nagle: trial and error almost choice of the fibers. Right? So maybe the other people just aren't trying hard enough there, right? Or they don't have the connections you have.
Steven F Nagle: And then it's also
Steven F Nagle: a good
Steven F Nagle: collaborator or
Steven F Nagle: vendor, I suppose, for your electronics to make sure you're not destroying what you've gained by that careful choice of game medium and and not just the game medium, but the person putting it into the making it into a whole fiber right?
Steven F Nagle: And and then things like child said about keeping the fans away from? Did I miss anything that that was part of solving the challenges to get to this
Steven F Nagle: clearly by the data you showed a very low noise offering.
Steven F Nagle: I think understanding. The challenge itself is not trivial. Oh, no, I'm not trivializing any of this at all. And each of those areas, and you probably have a lot to thank your electronics people for as well, because it's not easy doing
Steven F Nagle: high power, low noise, electronics. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But that's great. I mean that's that's 1 of the things that we hope to show about life outside of of grad school. And the Institute is that.
Steven F Nagle: you know each one of those things could have been part of a Phd. Thesis or master's thesis or an area of study. But then you have to take
Steven F Nagle: what is find somebody who's actually making the thing that came out of somebody's? Phd, this is somewhere, and then work really hard to put it all together, possibly with collaborators who are not part of your company. You can't just tell them what to do. You have to ask and pay them. So you know it's great to to see those stories actually coming together in the entrepreneurial sense, especially so. Thank you for coming, sharing that with us.
Steven F Nagle: Anything else from anybody else.
Steven F Nagle: Thanks again.
Steven F Nagle: And everybody online. Thanks for participating.